Secretion of inflammatory mediators from HMEC-1 over 48 hours following incubation with rhHMGB1 (50 ng/mL), TNFα (10 ng/mL), or media alone (n = 4).

(A) rhHMGB1 induced early secretion of TNFα (P < .0001 compared with media alone), reaching a peak at 24 hours. (B) IL-8 and (C) MCP-1 rhHMGB1-mediated secretion (P < .0001 compared with medium alone) rose significantly after 3 hours and continued to accumulate in the supernatants up to 48 hours. Data represent mean ± SEM of 4 separate experiments.