TJ alterations in brain tissue with HIVE. Microvessels from control brain showed intact and continuous TJs (occludin, green [A]; claudin-5, green [D]) and few perivascular macrophages (HAM-56, red [A,D]). Microvessels in areas of intensive monocyte migration (HAM-56, red) seen in HIVE featured fragmented/weak immunoreactivity for occludin (green [B-C]) and claudin-5 (green [E-F]). (G) Monocytes (HAM-56, red) migrating between borders of brain endothelial cells expressing claudin-5 (green, arrow) in human brain tissue affected by HIVE. Serial z-sectioning (0.52-μm interval) was performed using a Zeiss LSM410 argon/krypton dual-beam CLSM connected to a Zeiss microscope. (A-G) Original magnification, × 200. Images were visualized using a 20 ×/0.5 numeric aperture (NA) objective and were acquired using a Color View II digital charge-coupled device (CCD) camera (Soft Imaging Systems, Lakewood, CO).