ELMCs participate in vascular repair after brain injury. Stab brain injury was performed on SCID mice and DiI-labeled ELMCs were administered to mice via tail vein 24 hours after injury. Three to 5 days later the mice were killed and sections through the area of injury were stained for the endothelial markers CD105 and ZO-1. DiI-labeled ELMCs (red) and vascular endothelial cells stained with CD105 (green) in panels A and B and ZO-1 (green) (C) are shown. Labeled ELMCs can be seen in a perivascular location. Scale bars are 20 mm (A, B) and 10 mm (C). ELMCs are located at the periphery of the injury site in a cold brain injury. Cold injury was performed on SCID mice. DiI-labeled human ELMCs, freshly isolated CD14⁺ monocytes, or CD14-depleted peripheral blood mononuclear cells were injected via tail vein 24 hours after injury. Mice were killed 5 days after injury and sections were stained for glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) (D). Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) sections of the corresponding injury site are shown for comparison (D). Red-labeled uncultured monocytes and ELMCs can be seen at the periphery of the injury site. CD14-depleted cells are not present. Reactive astrocytes around the injury site are stained with GFAP (green). ELMCs will localize to injuries at non-CNS sites. Skin punch biopsy was performed on the backs of SCID mice. DiI-labeled ELMCs were administered to mice via tail vein 24 hours after injury. Five days after injury the mice were killed and sections through the area of injury were obtained. DiI-labeled ELMCs (red) (E). Nuclei are labeled with DAPI.