NaV treatment selectively caused membrane damage in CD8⁺cells. Whole PBMCs were cultured for 18 hours with or without 5 mM NaV, and stained for CD4, CD8, and 7-AAD uptake. (A) NaV treatment significantly increased 7-AAD uptake by lymphocytes (top panel; *P = .014, Wilcoxon signed rank test) and CD8⁺ cells (bottom panel; **P = .002, Wilcoxon signed rank test). (B) 7-AAD uptake by CD4⁺ cells did not increase with NaV treatment (right panels) but only 7-AAD^low uptake, associated with early apoptosis, increased in CD8⁺ cells (left panels). (Top panels) Untreated cells. (Bottom panels) Cells treated with NaV. One representative experiment of 15 is shown.