Enhanced production of cytokines in activated memory CD8⁺ T cells. (A) Higher expression levels of 16 cytokine genes in activated memory than naive CD8⁺ T cells. The mean relative expression levels of 16 cytokines are presented. The detailed information of these genes can be found in Table S8. CCL1 indicates chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 1; CCL3L1, chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 3-like 1; CCL4, chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 4 (MIP-1β); CCL17, chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 17; CCL20, chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 20 (MIP-3α); CCL23, chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 23; CSF2, colony-stimulating factor 2 (GM-CSF); IFNG, interferon gamma; IL2, interleukin 2; IL4, interleukin 4; IL5, interleukin 5; IL13, interleukin 13; IL23A, interleukin 23A; IGF2, insulin-like growth factor 2 (somatomedin A); LIGHT, tumor necrosis factor (ligand) superfamily, member 14 (TNFSF14); TNF, tumor necrosis factor (TNF superfamily, member 2). (B) Higher concentrations of cytokine proteins in the supernatant of activated memory than that of activated naive CD8⁺ T cells. Cytokines were measured from the culture supernatant of activated naive and memory CD8⁺ T cells by Bio-plex methods. One representative of 2 independent experiments is shown.