Fast acquisition of cytotoxicity in activated memory CD8⁺ T cells. (A) Higher levels of expression of 8 effector function-related genes in activated memory than in activated naive CD8⁺ T cells. The mean relative expression levels of 8 cytokines are presented. CARD8 indicates caspase recruitment domain family, member 8; CFLAR, CASP8 and FADD-like apoptosis regulator; CTSC, cathepsin C; CTSH, cathepsin H; GZMA, granzyme A; GZMK, granzyme K; and KLRB1, killer cell lectin-like receptor subfamily B, member 1. The detailed information of these genes can be found in Table S8. (B) Induced cytotoxicity in naive and memory CD8⁺ T cells after anti-CD3/CD28 stimulation. The cytotoxic activity was measured by a redirected cytotoxicity assay at the indicated time after anti-CD3/CD28 stimulation. (C) Cytotoxic activity was measured as in panel B and calculated as lytic units, with data from 3 independent experiments. The mean and standard error of the mean are shown.