Preferential induction of TNF-α by TLR8 agonists. TNF-α production from newborn cord blood (□) and adult peripheral blood (▪) was measured after a 5-hour incubation with TLR agonists. Extracellular medium was collected for TNF-α ELISA. Data represent means ± SEM. Statistical comparisons of TLR agonists were made within each group (ie, newborns analyzed separately from adults) in relation to responses to 500 μM imiquimod (TLR7; open arrow, newborns; filled arrow, adults). n = 2-9; *P < .05, **P < .01, ***P < .001. For comparisons of TNF-α production induced by TLR8 or TLR7/8 agonists with that induced by each TLR7 agonist at every dose, see Table S1 (available at the Blood website; see the Supplemental Tables link at the top of the online article).