Inhibition of erythroid expansion. Lysate of infected erythrocytes (IE lysate) (A), hemozoin (Hz) (B), β-hematin (C), α-hematin (D), and TNF-α (E) were added at the stated ratios/concentrations to developing erythroid cells on day 4. Erythroid expansion was measured on days 7 and 11. The columns represent mean inhibition of erythroid expansion compared with control wells containing medium without added cells or lysate. The error bars show the SEM of 3 independent experiments. ^*P < .05; ^**P < .01.