Identifying cytokines and signaling pathways responsible for impairing BMDC differentiation. (A) Expression of DC-related surface markers on normal BMDCs, TCCM-treated BMDCs, or cells in culture with addition of cytokines IL-6, IL-10, or TGF-β individually or in combination. Representative results of 4 experiments are shown. ^*P < .05; ^**P < .01 (compared with normal controls). (B) Expression of DC-related surface markers on normal BMDCs, TCCM-treated BMDCs, or cells in cultures with the addition of TCCM and neutralizing antibody, individually or in combination, against IL-6, IL-10, or TGF-β. Representative results of 3 experiments are shown. Cells from d10 cultures were analyzed. Values above histograms represent mean fluorescence intensity. ^*P < .05 (higher than TCCM-treated cells). (C) TCCM-activated p38 MAPK and inhibited ERK signaling. Western blot analysis showing protein levels of phosphorylated (p) and nonphosphorylated p38, ERK, JNK, MEK, and IκB-α. Lysates from d5 cultures of normal (BMDCs) or with the addition of TCCM (TCCM cells) for 24 hours were prepared for the analyses. Representative results of 3 experiments are shown.