Immunostimulatory ORNs induce production of Th1-type cytokines in vivo. Mice were injected as described in Figure 3 with ORN 9.2dr, 9.2dr PTO, PolyA, or PolyA PTO. Blood samples were taken 2, 6, and 22 hours after injection and concentrations of (A) IL-12p40, (B) IL-6, and (C) IFN-α were measured in serum by ELISA. Data show the mean values of individual mice (PolyA: n = 3, all other groups: n = 4) ± SEM. Results are representative of 2 independent experiments. *P < .05; **P < .01; ***P < .001; ns indicates not significant. The asterisk without brackets indicates comparison with unstimulated group.