IFN-β and IFN-γ mRNA expression is increased in PBMCs exposed to AT-2 HIV. IFN-β (A) and IFN-γ (B) mRNA was measured by quantitative real-time PCR in PBMCs from HIV-uninfected donors cultured for 24 hours in presence of MVs, AT-2 HIV, or AT-2 HIV and mAb anti-CD4; mean values (n = 3) ± SE are shown. (C) Intracellular staining for IDO, gated on pDCs (BDCA2⁺CD123⁺), in PBMCs cultured with or without AT-2 HIV, rIFN-α, rIFN-β, or rIFN-γ.