Succinate potentiates platelet aggregation in response to low doses of agonists. (A) Succinate (1 mM) alone has no effect on platelets, whereas a combination of succinate (1 mM) and ADP (1 μM) significantly increases final aggregation. Error bars are calculated based on duplicate measurements of final aggregation in 4 individuals. (B) A representative aggregometry trace from this experiment. (C) Investigation of the dose response to succinate and ADP. Platelets were costimulated with 1 μM ADP and varying concentrations of succinate (0-1000 μM) and final aggregation was measured. Data are shown as the average of triplicate measurements at each concentration for each of 4 donors; error bars show the SEM of the values obtained. (D) A representative aggregometry trace from this experiment. (E-F) Similar concentrations of succinate also potentiate the effect of low doses of TRAP-6 (10 μM) and CRP-XL (0.02 μg) on platelet aggregation.