Paracrine effects of VEGF-A on the adherence of Monomac6 (MM6) cells to HUVECs. (A) Endothelial HUVEC monolayer was stimulated with the supernatant of MM6 cells (snMM6) treated with VEGF-A (same concentration). Note that with snMM6 the adherence of quiescent MM6 cells is significantly increased. Neutralization of VEGF-A by neutralizing antibodies in the supernatant of VEGF-A–treated MM6 cells significantly decreases the adherence of MM6 cells, which is still significantly increased in comparison with the control. *P < .05. (B) Quantitative RT-PCR to map paracrine factors. Expression levels of IL-1β and TNF-α are increased, whereas IL-6 and MCP1 expression is almost completely inhibited by VEGF-A. *P < .05 versus control. Error bars indicate SD.