TLR stimuli modulate CD86 expression, HIV susceptibility, and HIV replication in mLCs and mDCs. mLCs and mDCs were cultured in medium alone or with 5 μg/mL Pam₃CSK₄, 5 × 10⁸/mL HKLM, 20 μg/mL poly(I:C), 10 ng/mL LPS, 2.5 μg/mL flagellin, 50 μg/mL FSL1, 500 μM loxoribine, 10 μg/mL ssRNA40, or 5 μM ODN2006 for 24 hours. The expression of CD86 was examined (A, mLC; D, mDC; MFI, mean fluorescence intensity). Results are shown as means plus or minus SD (*P < .05). mLCs (B,C) or mDCs (E,F) were stimulated with the indicated TLR agonists for 24 hours before (B,E) and after (C,F) HIV exposure. To identify HIV infection levels, mLCs or mDCs were collected 7 days after the HIV exposure, and HIV p24⁺ cells were assessed in langerin⁺ CD11c⁺ mLCs or CD11c⁺ mDCs (expressed as normalized percentage of positive cells for HIV p24, as has been described in “HIV infection of mLCs and mDCs in vitro”). Mean values in mDCs and mLCs obtained from different donors are shown as horizontal marks. Representative FACS analyses of CD11c and p24 mAb double-stained cells after TLR2 stimulations are shown.