KSHV introduces tumor traits and motility potential and alters cellular miRNA expression in primary LECs. (A) KSHV induces EC motility. HMEC1 cells (EC) or KSHV-infected HMEC1 cells (EC-KSHV) were subjected to the Transwell cell-migration assay (top panel; n = 3) or the Matrigel invasion assay (bottom panel; n = 3). Migrated cells were stained (representative pictures are shown) and counted. Scale bar represents 200 μm. (B) Relationships between the infected and noninfected cell groups. Average linkage distance to KS were calculated using probe sets differentiating LECs, BECs, and KSHV-LECs (q < 0.001 plus > 1.5-fold changes; top panel). PCA using the LEC-BEC discriminatory gene signature (LECs vs BECs; n = 3878, q < 0.001) for LECs, BECs, infected LECs collected 2 days after infection, and KS (bottom panel). Each spot represents a single sample. (C) Altered functional modules in KSHV-LECs. KSHV-regulated LEC genes were subjected to a Gene Ontology database search via the WebGestalt interface. The numbers of genes, gene symbols, their percentages, and P values for each category that are significantly (P < .05) enriched are listed. (D) Heat maps show miRNAs commonly enriched in LECs or KSHV-LECs between our experiment and public data. Down-regulated miRNAs are shown in blue and up-regulated miRNAs in red. (E-F) Validation of the miRNA array data by qRT-PCR. Mean expression levels of the target miRNAs are compared with the U6 control.