Chemical structures, metabolic pathways, and phenotype of CD56⁺ DC-like cells. (A) Chemical structures of zoledronate and pamidronate. Redrawn from Russel et al.⁵⁰  (B) Simplified depiction of mevalonate metabolic pathways. (C) Phenotype of CD56⁺ DC-like cells. CD56⁺ PBMCs were isolated using CD56 microbeads, and CD14⁺ cells were immediately analyzed for the surface expression of various antigens related to antigen presentation by flow cytometry (d0). CD56⁺ PBMCs (1 × 10⁶/mL) also were cultured in the absence of exogenous cytokines for 20 hours and were then again subjected to flow cytometric analyses (d1). Mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) is shown for each individual staining (− MFI of isotype control).