Increased peripheral blood TGFBIp promotes pulmonary embolism. C57BL/6 mice were given with either TGFBIp/epinephrine or a similar volume of boiled protein/epinephrine as a control via tail vein injection. (A) Hematoxylin and eosin staining of the lungs of mice (n = 3 per group) given collagen (2 mg/kg), TGFBIp (0.4 mg/kg), and boiled TGFBIp (0.4 mg/kg) is shown. Extensive pulmonary thromboemboli () are shown in collagen- and TGFBIp-injected mice compared with boiled TGFBIp-injected mice. Representative sections (×40 magnification) are shown. The scale bar represents 400 μm. (B) TGFBIp-induced pulmonary emboli occurred in a dose-dependent manner. (C) Representative of the suboptimal doses of both TGFBIp- and collagen-induced pulmonary embolism. (D) Pulmonary embolism formation in Alb-hTGFBIp transgenic mice. Mice were intravenously injected with 0.5 mg/kg collagen and 100 μg/kg epinephrine, and the formation of pulmonary emboli was subsequently determined. The pulmonary embolism count was detected in at least 5 different fields. All results are shown as the means ± SD of 3 different experiments and ANOVA. * P < .05 compared with 0 mg/kg of the TGFBIp-injected group.