Effect of NFκB inhibition on TLR-mediated proinflammatory cytokine secretion. Control macrophages were pretreated with the indicated concentrations of the NFκB inhibitor (JSH-23) for 1 hour followed by stimulation with (A) Poly (I:C), (B) CpG, or (C) LPS for 24 hours. In other experimental sets, macrophages were pretreated with Dex (100nM) for 3 hours followed by TLR ligands as described. Concentrations of IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-12 in the culture media were measured. Data are shown as mean ± SEM; n = 3. *P < .01; and **P < .05 for Dex- or JSH-23–treated macrophages compared with treatment group treated with respective TLR ligand only.