Kaplan-Meier estimates of EFS_cens, PFS, and OS from randomization, and OS from progression/relapse for patients who were randomized to TAD for induction to and thalidomide maintenance after HDM (solid line) or to VAD for induction to, and α-interferon maintenance after HDM (dotted line). For EFS_cens, estimate patients who received an allogeneic transplantation (allo-SCT) after HDM were censored and excluded at the date of allo-SCT. (A) EFS_cens, (B) PFS, (C) OS, and (D) OS from progression/relapse.