TLR-7 is necessary for activation of mouse dendritic cells. Bone marrow–derived dendritic cells from wild-type (WT) and TLR-7 KO mice were incubated overnight with RNA18, protamine, protamine-RNA particles (Prot+RNA) of 220 nm or 1200 nm, CpG DNA, or R848. Thereafter cell culture supernatants were tested by ELISA for their TNF-α content. Representative results from 5 independent experiments are shown.