Cocaine induces MCP-1 mRNA and protein expression in microglia. (A) Supernatant fluids from cocaine-treated cells were assessed for release of cytokine/chemokines using the mouse cytokine antibody array. Cocaine treatment resulted in induction of MCP-1 expression (rectangles). (B) Concentration curve of cocaine-mediated induction of MCP-1 expression in BV-2 cells. Cells were incubated with various concentrations of cocaine (0.01, 0.1, 1, 10, and 100μM) for 12 hours, followed by collection of media for assay of MCP-1 expression by ELISA. (C) Time dependence of cocaine-mediated induction of MCP-1 expression in BV-2 cells. (D) Cocaine-mediated induction of MCP-1 mRNA expression by real time RT-PCR. (E) Representative picture of Iba-1 (microglia marker) staining in rat primary microglia. (F) Concentration curve of cocaine-mediated (0.1, 1, and 10μM) induction of MCP-1 expression in rat primary cultured microglia. All the data are presented as means ± SD of 4 individual experiments. *P < .05, **P < .01 versus control group.