Figure 2
Figure 2. Defective yolk sac vascularization in RapGEF2−/− mice. (A-B) Morphologies of the E10.5 RapGEF2+/+ (A) and RapGEF2−/− (B) embryos. (C-D) Newly formed vitelline vessels of the E9.5 yolk sacs in RapGEF2+/+ (C) and RapGEF2−/− (D) embryos. (E-F) Vitelline vessels of the E10.5 yolk sacs in RapGEF2+/+ (E) and in RapGEF2−/− (F) embryos. The embryos were analyzed under Stemi SV11, Zeiss binocular microscope and photographed by Sony DSC-S85 digital camera. (G-H) H&E-stained transverse section of an E10.5 RapGEF2+/+ yolk sac showing blood vessels filled with red blood cells (G), and through a RapGEF2−/− yolk sac, which lacked blood vessels (H). Scale bar, 100 μm. (I-J) Northern blots showing the expression level of RapGEF2 in E10.5 RapGEF2+/+ (lane 1) and RapGEF2−/− (lane 2), embryos (I) and yolk sacs (J). (K) In situ hybridization with a RapGEF2-specific probe showing the expression pattern of RapGEF2 RNA in an E10.5 RapGEF2+/+ embryo sagittal section. Weak expression of RapGEF2 was detected throughout the embryo, but much stronger expression (indicated by red arrows) was observed in the major blood vessels. Scale bar, 500 μm. (L) H&E-stained sagittal section of an E10.5 RapGEF2+/+ yolk sac showing the yolk sac blood vessels filled with erythroblasts. Scale bar, 50 μm. (M) In situ hybridization with a RapGEF2-specific probe showing the expression pattern of RapGEF2 RNA in an E10.5 RapGEF2+/+ yolk sac. RapGEF2 was predominantly detected in the blood vessels (indicated by red arrows) of the yolk sac. Scale bar, 50 μm. (N-O) Line graph displaying the proliferation rate of RapGEF2+/+ and RapGEF2−/− E10.5 yolk sac cells (N) and embryonic cells (O) measured by AlamarBlue proliferation assay. (P) Histogram showing the percentage of Tunel-positive apoptotic cells in E10.5 RapGEF2+/+ and RapGEF2−/− placenta, yolk sac, and embryos.

Defective yolk sac vascularization in RapGEF2−/− mice. (A-B) Morphologies of the E10.5 RapGEF2+/+ (A) and RapGEF2−/− (B) embryos. (C-D) Newly formed vitelline vessels of the E9.5 yolk sacs in RapGEF2+/+ (C) and RapGEF2−/− (D) embryos. (E-F) Vitelline vessels of the E10.5 yolk sacs in RapGEF2+/+ (E) and in RapGEF2−/− (F) embryos. The embryos were analyzed under Stemi SV11, Zeiss binocular microscope and photographed by Sony DSC-S85 digital camera. (G-H) H&E-stained transverse section of an E10.5 RapGEF2+/+ yolk sac showing blood vessels filled with red blood cells (G), and through a RapGEF2−/− yolk sac, which lacked blood vessels (H). Scale bar, 100 μm. (I-J) Northern blots showing the expression level of RapGEF2 in E10.5 RapGEF2+/+ (lane 1) and RapGEF2−/− (lane 2), embryos (I) and yolk sacs (J). (K) In situ hybridization with a RapGEF2-specific probe showing the expression pattern of RapGEF2 RNA in an E10.5 RapGEF2+/+ embryo sagittal section. Weak expression of RapGEF2 was detected throughout the embryo, but much stronger expression (indicated by red arrows) was observed in the major blood vessels. Scale bar, 500 μm. (L) H&E-stained sagittal section of an E10.5 RapGEF2+/+ yolk sac showing the yolk sac blood vessels filled with erythroblasts. Scale bar, 50 μm. (M) In situ hybridization with a RapGEF2-specific probe showing the expression pattern of RapGEF2 RNA in an E10.5 RapGEF2+/+ yolk sac. RapGEF2 was predominantly detected in the blood vessels (indicated by red arrows) of the yolk sac. Scale bar, 50 μm. (N-O) Line graph displaying the proliferation rate of RapGEF2+/+ and RapGEF2−/− E10.5 yolk sac cells (N) and embryonic cells (O) measured by AlamarBlue proliferation assay. (P) Histogram showing the percentage of Tunel-positive apoptotic cells in E10.5 RapGEF2+/+ and RapGEF2−/− placenta, yolk sac, and embryos.

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