Expansions of HIV-specific TemRA phenotype cells are present to various degrees in chronic infection. (A) Representative staining of CCR7 and CD45RO on CD8⁺ T cells in 2 representative HIV-seropositive persons. (B) Identification of the HIV-1-tetramer⁺ cells (red) and their corresponding Tmem phenotype (overlay: red tet⁺, black CD8⁺ T cells). (C) Comparison of effector-memory populations (paired t test) on CD8⁺ T cells and on HIV-1-tetramer⁺ T cells.