Vaccines induce DC maturation. imDCs were incubated with the conventional cytokine cocktail (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, and PGE₂) or with different preventive vaccines for 48 hours. (A) Viability was analyzed by Trypan blue exclusion. Data are mean ± SD of 3 independent experiments performed with DCs from different donors. **P < .01 compared with cDCs. (B-D) The expression of maturation markers HLA-DR/DP, CD80 (B), CD83 (C), and CD86 (D) was measured by flow cytometry. Results are shown as fold increase of mean fluorescence intensity relative to imDCs. Data are mean ± SEM of 3 experiments with different donors. *P < .05. **P < .01. The dotted line indicates fold increase 1.0 (unchanged fluorescence intensity compared with imDCs). (E) Example of expression of HLA-DR/DP, CD80, CD83, and CD86 (bold line) on cDCs and DCs treated with BCG. The thin line represents the isotype control. (F) At 48 hours after addition of the vaccines, IL-12p70 secretion was measured in the supernatant by ELISA. Per condition, each symbol represents 1 donor. Mean values are shown for each vaccine. **P < .01 compared with cDCs.