Combined vaccines have a synergistic effect on DC maturation. DCs were matured for 48 hours with the conventional cytokine cocktail (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, and PGE₂), preventive vaccines (BCG, Typhim, and Influvac), or vaccines with PGE₂, and the expression of maturation markers and IL-12p70 production was evaluated. (A) The expression of maturation markers HLA-DR/DP, CD80, CD83, and CD86 (bold line) was measured by flow cytometry. The thin line represents the isotype control. (B) IL-12p70 production was measured by ELISA in the supernatant of DC cultures 48 hours after maturation. Per condition, each symbol represents 1 donor. Mean values are shown for each maturation cocktail. *P < .05, **P < .01 compared with cDCs.