Relative frequencies of circulating B-cell populations. (A) Cells were gated on total live PBMC and then on CD19⁺ cells (left panel). Naive B cells are CD27⁻CD10⁻CD21⁺IgM⁺ (top panels). Mature activated B cells are CD27⁺IgM⁻CD21^low, and memory B cells are CD27⁺IgM⁻CD21^high (bottom panels). (B) Relative frequency of naive B cells in rapid progressors (left panel), normal progressors (middle panel), and slow progressors (right panel). (C) Relative frequency of mature activated B cells in rapid progressors (left panel), normal progressors (middle panel), and slow progressors (right panel). (D) Relative frequency of resting memory B cells in rapid progressors (left panel), normal progressors (middle panel), and slow progressors (right panel). The same values are used for HIV-negative donors in the left, middle, and right graphs to show this group as a control. Cell population percentages were compared with the Wilcoxon signed rank and Mann-Whitney U tests for pairwise comparisons of different phases of infection within each group and between the study groups, respectively. *P < .05; **P < .001; ***P < .0001. PI, postinfection; ART, antiretroviral treatment.