Effect of HCQ on activated CD8⁺ T cells and CD14⁺ monocytes. CD8⁺DRII⁺ (A), CD8⁺CD69⁺ (B), and CD8⁺CD38⁺CD45RO⁺ (C) T cells (percentage) and CD14⁺CD69⁺ activated monocytes (percentage; D) in HIV-infected INRs at baseline, after 6 months of HCQ, and 2 months after HCQ interruption. Mean values, SE, and P values are indicated.