TLR-expressing CD14⁺ monocytes are reduced in HCQ-treated patients. TLR2⁺ (A), TLR4⁺ (B), and TLR5⁺ (C) CD14⁺ monocytes (percentage) in whole blood in HIV-infected INRs at baseline, after 6 months (ms) of HCQ treatment, and 2 months after HCQ interruption. LPS-stimulated TLR4⁺ (D), ssRNA-stimulated TLR7⁺ (E), and TLR8⁺ (F) CD14⁺ monocytes (percentage) in the same individuals. Mean values, SE, and P values are indicated.