Bioluminescence enables the visualization and quantification of therapeutic responses of primary ALL significantly earlier than other measurable parameters. (A) Intensity maps of total body disease developing over time in NSG mice treated with sirolimus (SIR) for 24 days (top panels) or in NOD/SCID mice treated with CpG ODN (CpG) over 8 days (bottom panels). Untreated (PBS) controls for both strains are shown. Results obtained with patient sample ALL-1 are shown. (B) Graphs with quantification of the bioluminescent ALL responses over time shown in panel A to treatment with sirolimus (top panel) or CpG ODN (bottom panel). (C) Flow cytometric evaluation of peripheral blood ALL burden at day 45 in the control, sirolimus-treated, and CpG ODN-treated mice shown in panels A and B. Overall, this experiment is not designed to compare the treatment strategies but rather to demonstrate the additional detail of ALL treatment response revealed by bioluminescent imaging.