Induction of HIV-specific IFN-γ-producing memory CD8 T-cell responses by cholesterol-depleted HIV. A) Frequency of IFN-γ–producing CD8 T cells in HESN (n = 10) and HIV⁺ (n = 10) patients after exposure of PBLs to βCD-treated and untreated HIV in the presence of costimulating anti-CD28 Abs. (B) Frequency of IFN-γ–producing CD8 T cells in HESN (n = 5) and HIV⁺ (n = 5) patients after exposure of PBLs to HIV in the presence or absence of blocking Abs against αIFNAR2. (C) Frequency of IFN-γ–producing CD8 T cells in HESN (n = 3) and HIV⁺ (n = 3) patients after exposure of PBLs to βCD120-HIV in the presence or absence of rIFN-α. In all plots, gray dots represent HESN patients and white dots represent HIV⁺ patients (each individual is indicated by a dot). Horizontal bars represent the median values for HESN patients (gray bars in panels B and C) and HIV⁺ patients (white bars in panels B and C). *P values that remained significant after Hochberg correction for multiple comparisons.