IL-36α, IL-36β, and IL-36γ specifically up-regulate the production of proinflammatory cytokines in BMDCs. BMDCs from WT or IL-36R^−/− mice were incubated in the absence or presence of the indicated concentrations of IL-36Ra, IL-36α, IL-36β, IL-36γ, IL-1β, or LPS. Supernatants were collected after 72 hours of stimulation for the determination of cytokine levels: IL-12 p40 (A), IL-12 p70 (B) CCL11 (C), CCL4 (D), TNF-α (E) and G-CSF (F) by multiplex analysis. Data are shown from one of 2 independent experiments with similar results. Error bars represent SD of triplicates in the same experiment. *P < .05 (Student t test), IL-36, IL-1β, or LPS stimulation significantly differ from unstimulated cells.