Expression of vtRNA2-1 is derepressed by 5-azanucleosides. Derepression of vtRNA2-1 by both 5-azacytidine (5-aza-CR) and 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine (5-aza-CdR) but not by cytosine arabinoside treatment (cytarabine). The level of methylation correlates to expression. RT-qPCR (A) and Northern hybridization (B). On day 8 after treatment with 5-aza-CdR, vtRNA2-1 is up-regulated (A-B) and pPKR is down-regulated (C). Reactions were at least done in biologic duplicates.