Suppression of viral replication and CD8⁺ T-cell activation do not favor IL-15–induced CD4⁺ T-cell expansion. (A) Plasma SIV RNA copies at different days after introduction (gray box) or cessation of therapies. Each line represents a different animal. (B) Fold change in HLA-DR⁺CD8⁺ T cells after treatment initiation versus baseline (d−7) in T_CM, T_TM, and T_EM cells. Bars show the interquartile range, and the wide bar shows the median, of the distribution. Each point represents an animal. (C) Fold change in CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ absolute T-cell counts in the peripheral blood in the different treatment groups. Data are expressed as in panel B. The horizontal gray line indicates no change versus baseline. #P < .05 vs ART; Wilcoxon rank-sum test.