Main therapeutic options (white areas), 5-year survival, and IEL or infiltrating lymphoma cell immunophenotype (black areas), along the lymphomagenic process leading from uncomplicated CD to EATL through RCD. Unlike RCD1 (RCD1), which can benefit from steroids, such as prednisone or budesonide, combined or not with immunomodulators, such as azathioprine (AZA), 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP), or tacrolimus, RCD2 (RCD2) is less likely to respond to the aforementioned drugs. Therapeutic options in RCD2 may include cladribrine, alemtuzumab (anti-CD52 antibody), or high-dose chemotherapy (high-chemo) followed by ASCT. Standard-chemo indicates standard-dose chemotherapy. Black arrowheads represent probable progression; and white arrowheads, uncertain progression.