Molecular effects of KR treatment of leukemia cells. (A) The growth of KR treated leukemia cell lines was measured using Alamar Blue from 4-9 separate experiments. (B) TEX cells were treated with KR for indicated times and doses. BrdU was added for the final 2 hours of culture. Proliferation (BrdU⁺; dashed lines) and apoptosis (annexin-V⁺; solid lines) was measured by FACS in triplicate. (C) Bcl2 and p53 Western blot of 10μM KR or 10μM etoposide treated leukemia cells. (D-F) Leukemia cells were treated overnight in triplicate with DMSO vehicle (black), 10μM KR (white), or 10μM etoposide (gray). Harvested cells were stained for (D) DNA damage (phoshpo-H2A.X), (E) loss of intracellular free thiol groups (mBBr⁻); or (F) reactive oxygen species (CM-H₂DCFDA).