Proliferation of total CD8 T cells and HIV- and CMV-specific CD8 T cells in primary infection. (A) Dot plots of Ki67 expression of HIV- and CMV-specific CD8 T-cell responses for subject AEI 333 in primary and chronic infection. (B) Percentage of Ki67 expression on CD8 T cells in primary and chronic infection. Total CD8 T cells exhibit significantly higher levels of Ki67 in primary infection compared with chronic infection. Filled and open symbols represent CD8 T cells studied in primary and chronic HIV infection, respectively. (C) Expression of Ki67 on HIV- and CMV-specific CD8 T cells tetramer⁺ (diamonds and circles, respectively) in primary and chronic infection (filled and open symbols, respectively). HIV-specific CD8 T cells in primary infection (HIV P) express significantly higher levels of Ki67 compared with HIV-specific CD8 T cells in chronic infection (HIV C) or CMV-specific CD8 T cells in primary (CMV P) or chronic infection (CMV C). (D) Inverse correlation between the percentage of total CD8 T cells expressing Ki67 and the days after infection. (E) Inverse correlation between the percentage of Ki67⁺ HIV-specific CD8 T cells and the days after infection. (F) Correlation between the percentage of Ki67 expression on total CD8 T cells and the viral load in primary infection. (G) Heatmaps of genes significantly modulated between HIV-specific CD8 T cells in primary infection (pink) and HIV- and CMV-specific CD8 T cells in chronic infection (blue and green, respectively) in cell cycle pathways. Color scale represents the z-score of the mean expression value of each group for the genes significantly modulated within the pathways. *P < .05. **P < .005. ***P < .0005. ns indicates not significant.