Functionality of HIV- and CMV-specific CD8 T cells in primary infection. (A) Dot plot for intracellular cytokine staining on tetramer⁺ cells on subject AEI041 V1 in primary infection for B8FL8 and B7TM10 specific responses. TNF and IFN-γ were measured within the tetramer⁺ cells. (B) Percentage of IFN-γ-secreting cells in tetramer⁺ cells for HIV (diamond) and CMV (circles) specific CD8 T cells in primary and chronic infection. (C) Expression of PD-1 on tetramer⁺ cells for HIV (diamond) and CMV (circles) specific CD8 T cells in primary and chronic infection. (D) Correlation between the percentage of PD-1⁺ cells on HIV-specific CD8 T cells and the days after infection. (E) Correlation between the percentage of PD-1⁺ cells on HIV-specific CD8 T cells in primary infection and the percentage of these cells expressing IL-2 after antigenic restimulation. (F) Differential gene expression in HIV-specific CD8 T cells in primary HIV infection relative to HIV- or CMV-specific CD8 T cells in chronic infection (white and gray bars, respectively). (G) Dot plots for cytotoxic activity assay on subject AEI011 in primary infection and subject AEI42117 in chronic infection for B8FL8-specific responses. B8FL8 tetramer⁺ cells are represented as effector cells, and CFSE-labeled autologous B cells are represented as target cells. Mixed CFSE high (nonloaded) and CFSE low B cells (loaded with the FL8 peptide) are incubated in the presence or absence of different numbers of autologous CD8 T cells. (H) Lytic units of tetramer⁺ cells for HIV (diamond) and CMV (circles) specific CD8 T cells in primary and chronic infection. *P < .05. **P < .005. ***P < .0005. ns indicates not significant.