CMV-induced immune modulating effects. CMV-infected fibroblasts and endothelial cells inducing the expression of TCR, TLR9, CMV ligand U18, HLA-C, NKG2C, NKG2D, KIRs, NKp46, and PD-1 on NK cells and CD8 T cells, and proliferation of γδ⁺ T cells which increase their toxic effects on AML blasts. Further CMV mediates direct cytotoxicity on AML blasts. IFN, interferon; IL, interleukin; PD-1, programmed death 1; TCR, T-cell receptor; TLR, Toll-like receptor; TNF, tumor necrosis factor.