IFN-α induction in monocytes by self-DNA-LL37 complexes is TLR-independent. (A) IFN-α produced by pDCs (5 × 104 cells/condition) and monocytes (2 × 105 cells/condition) stimulated with huDNA (huDNA)-LL37 complexes after pretreatment with increasing concentrations of bafilomycin. Data are representative of at least 3 experiments; error bars represent the SD of triplicate wells. (B) IFN-α production by pDCs and monocytes stimulated with huDNA-LL37 complexes with or without pretreatment with 50nM bafilomycin. Each symbol represents an independent experiment, and horizontal bars represent the mean. *P < .0001 (paired Student t test).