Kinetics of human DC maturation and cytokine production in vivo. (A) Time-course for the up-regulation of maturation markers CD86 and CD83 on splenic DC subsets. HuNSG mice were injected with polyICLC and euthanized after the indicated time points. PBS-injected mice were sacrificed after 14 hours. Splenocytes were stained for flow cytometry and MFI for CD86 and CD83 is shown for CD1c⁺ cDCs (top), CD303⁺ pDCs (middle), and CD141⁺ cDCs (bottom). (B) Same as in panel A, showing fold up-regulation over the mean MFI of the PBS samples. (C) Time-course for serum cytokine levels in huNSG mice after the injection of polyICLC. HuNSG mice were injected and euthanized as in panel A. Serum cytokine levels were determined for human IL-12p70 (left) and human pan-specific IFN-α (right) by ELISA. Data represent 3 independent experiments. (D) Cytokine levels in the serum of huNSG mice injected with different TLR agonists. HuNSG mice were injected as in Figure 2A. At 11 hours after injection, mice were euthanized, and human IL-12p70 (left) as well as human pan-specific IFN-α (right) were determined in the serum by ELISA. Composite data from 5 independent experiments are shown. Each data point represents one individually analyzed mouse. Statistical analysis was performed with the Mann-Whitney U test.