CD161⁻ Vα7.2⁺ T cells in chronic HIV-1 patients are highly activated and can be generated by stimulation with E coli. (A) Representative CD38, HLA-DR and CD57 staining on MAIT (gray line) and CD161⁻ Vα7.2⁺ T cells (black line) from the same HIV-1 patient. (B) The expression of these markers was determined in 29 untreated HIV-infected individuals. (C) Vα7.2⁺ cells were purified by MACS-sorting and cocultured for 3 days with autologous unstimulated or fixed E coli–fed monocytes at indicated MOI (i). Ki67 expression was determined in CD161⁻ Vα7.2⁺ T cells (ii). Gray lines represent unstimulated and black lines represent fixed E coli–fed cultures. A representative figure from 3 independent HIV-1–uninfected donors is shown.