Effect of β-chemokine neutralization on cell-associated HIV DNA and p24 contents in pathogen-specific CD4 T cells. (A) Expression of CCR5 on pathogen-specific CD4 T cells expressed as a proportion (left) or as intensity (right). (B) Effect of β-chemokine neutralization on cell-associated HIV DNA content in pathogen-specific CD4 T cells. Pathogen-specific CD4 T cells with or without treatment by neutralizing antibodies (anti–MIP-1α, anti–MIP-1β, and anti-RANTES) were subjected to real-time PCR for quantification of cell-associated full-length HIV DNA. The results are expressed as the fold change in HIV DNA copies for cells with neutralization relative to no neutralization treatment within each pathogen-specificity. (C) Effect of β-chemokine neutralization on intracellular p24 content. CFSE-loaded PBMCs were antigen stimulated and HIV infected in the absence or presence of individual anti–β-chemokine antibodies alone or in combination and subjected to p24 flow cytometric analysis. The results are expressed as the proportion of p24⁺CFSE_low cells in each group of pathogen-specific CD4 T cells and the representative flow data are shown. A total of 6 donors and at least 3 independent experiments were performed. Statistical analysis was performed using the Mann-Whitney test. ***P < .005; **P < .01; *P < .05.