In vivo effects of VEGF and PlGF visualized by MRI. Right-sided growth factor injections were performed accompanied by left-sided sham operation. Incubation time: 2 weeks. (A) After VEGF gene transfer, the macroanatomy of the brain is distorted as observed in T1 images, (C) the BBB is disintegrated from a large area seen as enhancement (white) on T1-Gd series, (E, continuous line: anatomical midline, dashed line: actual midline, black arrow: brain shift) T2 sequence shows major edema (white) with brain shift, and T2* demonstrates hemorrhage (black). Arrowheads point to a hemangioma. Note that after PlGF treatment, (B) the macroanatomy is intact, (D) enhancement is minimal, (F, continuous line: anatomical and actual midline coincide) there is no edema and no brain shift, and (H) minor hemorrhage is only seen at injection path. White arrows point to injection path.