Cell injury markers. Challenge of baboons with lethal Stx1 (▲, left) or Stx2 (●, right) led to increases in plasma and urine levels of (A-D) HMGB1 and (E-H) histones. Stx1 led to earlier and higher levels, consistent with a more proinflammatory environment after this toxin.¹⁰  Plasma HMGB1 increased modestly after intravenous challenge with pathogenic E coli (○, A), returning to baseline values within 2 days after this sublethal challenge. Means are plotted with individual animal values to show variability.