Macrophages are a dominant source of inflammatory cytokines in the myeloma microenvironment at diagnosis. The relative expression of RNA encoding myeloma-promoting inflammatory cytokines was compared among paired CD14+, CD138+, and MSC fractions (see supplemental data for clinical information). (A) IL-1β, (B) IL-6, (C) IL-10, and (D) TNF-α levels. (E) To confirm IL-1β message translation in the myeloma microenvironment, we stained a myeloma TMA with an antibody against (pro)IL-1β protein. (Pro)IL-1β staining was seen associated with cells of monocytic lineage morphology.