IL-7 and IL-15 better preserve CD8⁺ CD45RA⁺ CCR7⁺ cells in ex vivo expanded CAR-T cells than IL-2. (A) T-cell memory phenotypic analysis based on CD45RA and CCR7 expression by CAR-T cells exposed to either IL-2 or IL-7 and IL-15 (n = 4). (B) Representative flow cytometry analysis. (C) Numeric expansion of CAR⁺CD8⁺CD45RA⁺CCR7⁺ cells in culture conditions with either IL-2 or IL-7 and IL-15 (n = 3). (D) Expression of the CD45RO and CD45RA isoforms by CAR-T cells. Data shown are representative of 3 independent experiments. (E) Expression of CD27, CD28, CD62L, and CD127 in CAR-T cells. Data shown are representative of 3 independent experiments.