CYR61 is expressed at low levels in normal biopsies and normal or malignant plasma cells. (A) A bar view of CYR61 messenger RNA (mRNA) levels (y-axis) determined by GEP in whole biopsies from healthy donors (control; black, n = 24) and patients with MM (red, n = 246) (x-axis). Each bar represents an individual sample, and the height of the bar indicates the level of CYR61 mRNA. Samples are ordered based on increasing levels of CYR61 mRNA from left to right. CD38 mRNA levels in the corresponding biopsies are presented immediately below (lower panel). (B) CYR61 expression in whole biopsies from healthy donors (control) and patients with different molecular subtypes of MM; number of samples for each subtype is indicated in parentheses. (C) GEP analysis of CYR61 (presented as the Affymetrix signal; y-axis) in indicated cell types and bone biopsies (BX) (x-axis); number of samples for each cell type is indicated in parentheses. BS, baseline; RM, remission; RL, relapse. P < .05 vs normal BX = a or random BX-BS = b. (D) CCN1 levels were quantitated in BM serum from healthy donors (control, n = 14; black) and from patients with MM (n = 279; red) at diagnosis and (E) were grouped by molecular subtype of MM; number of samples for each subtype is indicated in parentheses. (P value vs control; *P <.05, **P < .001, ***P < .0001. (F) CCN1 levels in BM serum samples from indicated MM disease stages. The median and range of CCN1 levels among the subjects were as follows: healthy donors 198, 107-553 pg/mL; MGUS 572, 225-5 856 pg/mL; AMM 455, 107-6 415 pg/mL; active MM 394, 107-6 415 pg/mL; near complete remission MM 398, 199-1 952 pg/mL, complete remission MM 437, 199-13 156 pg/mL; relapse MM 471 195-7 235 pg/mL. (P < .05 vs control = a or MM baseline = b).