These similar approaches of bringing together DCs and tumor antigens have been tested clinically. Each approach differs in the site and technique of isolating, loading, and activating DCs, by either ex vivo Percoll and metrizamide gradient separation with ex vivo Id pulsing4; ex vivo monocyte culture in GM-CSF/IL-4 with ex vivo apoptotic tumor pulsing5; in vivo (scarce) DCs and (abundant) tumor B-cell TLR activation with in vivo tumor irradiation7; ex vivo monocyte culture in GM-CSF/IL-4 with in vivo tumor irradiation, GM-CSF, and rituximab1; or in vivo Flt3L-mobilized DCs with in vivo tumor irradiation and TLR activation. NCT01976585 refers to the trial registry number (clinicaltrials.gov) of a clinical trial currently in progress. Flt3L, FMS-related tyrosine kinase 3 ligand. Professional illustration by Luk Cox, Somersault 18:24.

These similar approaches of bringing together DCs and tumor antigens have been tested clinically. Each approach differs in the site and technique of isolating, loading, and activating DCs, by either ex vivo Percoll and metrizamide gradient separation with ex vivo Id pulsing4 ; ex vivo monocyte culture in GM-CSF/IL-4 with ex vivo apoptotic tumor pulsing5 ; in vivo (scarce) DCs and (abundant) tumor B-cell TLR activation with in vivo tumor irradiation7 ; ex vivo monocyte culture in GM-CSF/IL-4 with in vivo tumor irradiation, GM-CSF, and rituximab1 ; or in vivo Flt3L-mobilized DCs with in vivo tumor irradiation and TLR activation. NCT01976585 refers to the trial registry number (clinicaltrials.gov) of a clinical trial currently in progress. Flt3L, FMS-related tyrosine kinase 3 ligand. Professional illustration by Luk Cox, Somersault 18:24.

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