FPI-induced and BDMP-dependent coagulation. (A) Cerebral injury is visible in the left parietal lobe of a mouse 3 hours after FPI compared with the brain from a mouse subjected to sham surgery. (B) The clotting time of PPP collected from mice 3 hours after FPI or sham surgery was measured in a PS-dependent assay (n = 6, paired t test). (C) Clotting times were compared between PPP and homologous MPFP collected from mice subjected to FPI and sham surgery (n = 9, paired t test). (D-E) GFAP⁺ and NSE⁺ microparticles were detected by flow cytometry over time in blood samples from TBI and sham mice (n = 6 at each time point), and the values are after the subtraction of values from isotype IgGs (1-way ANOVA, n = 48, *P < .01, **P < .05). (F) Fractions of GFAP⁺ and NSE⁺ microparticles that express PS as measured by annexin V binding (a representative of 16 separate experiments).