Human T-cell inflammation in IPEX(DR1) mice. Immunohistochemical analysis detecting human immune cell infiltration using (A) anti-hCD3 staining on lung, liver, sm. int., and colon tissue sections (top) quantified by counting the number of CD3⁺ cells/20× field for 3 mice per group (bottom). (B) Representative flow cytometry dot plots of splenic T cells gated on TCR-β⁺ (left) with the frequency of CD4⁺/CD8⁺ T cells reported (right). Open circles are individual mice. (C) The absolute numbers of splenic T cells were quantified. Open circles are individual mice. All values are mean ± SEM. Statistical analysis performed using 1-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparisons test (A), 1-way ANOVA using Kruskal-Wallis multiple comparisons test (B-C). *P < .05, **P < .01, ***P < .001.